مهندسین مشاور آسه مهر
The Iranian architecture of the late Qajar period and the beginning of the Pahlavi era were chaotic and agitated. In our Pahlavi architecture we have witnessed the simultaneous construction of ساختمانهايی, each of which reflects one of the schools intellectual of specific periods of Iran’s history: Marble palaces to the traditional architecture and the entire city of the country to the Islamic Republic of Persepolis and the buildings of Beldiyah (municipality) and Posthouse to the north and south of Imam Square ( Sepah) was built to the same of the Neoretro French architecture. In the Pahlavi architecture, it was attempted that peyvandi exist between the three intellectual spectrum: the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, post office, the National Bank Savings Fund can be named as the example of such eclectic buildings. This گرايشهای of different and sometimes contradictory in the architecture of this period is due to a dispute in political گرايشهای and the ecological of this era from the history of Iran, which is rooted in عقيدتی-political trends in the late Qajar and early period of the Pahlavi era.
The mentioned flows can be divided into three categories: the first
group, the one who was the basis of political thought and their religious insight, coordinating religion with politics, and the development of thousands of years of Iranian society. The flagships of this movement was at the time of Sheikh Fazlollah Nuri and after he went through the instructor, he continued his path.
The second group, the west, who was based on their mentality, according to Taghizadeh, was on the basis of the difference of head to toe from the West in all economic, social, and political things. The main core of this group was the study of Iranian people who were recently returned to Iran from Europe.
The third group, the National Iranian intellectual, has been back to the greatness of the Achaemenid and Sassanid Empire. This group considered the Islamic culture and the culture of a non-Iranian, and as a replacement they returned to the culture of آريايی years old with religion and religion. This was due to the so-called Roshnfekrane of materialism and development and extension of the ideas of socialism and marroxism among the European education class. These two streams of intellectual proved their proof in the destruction of the past works and tried to destroy everything that was last smell.
In architecture, due to the appointment of the West and the education of the City of Paris and the School of Florence and Rome and in urban planning to the United Kingdom and USA, they overcame them. Although the thought and the discrimination of thinking were of great value for traditional architecture and the history of its transformation, it was a valuable service to The history of Iranian architecture was recorded, but they were personally the followers of the school of the Neoretro or the new national. The fact of this reality is the building of the Museum of Ancient Persia, which is a source of arch. This group of students ‘ training and the student of architecture and the contents of his curriculum were well evident. That is why we see the traditional architecture of Iran, and what is about the Iranian architecture is related to the theories that the researchers and Western scholars have provided about it.
The result of these cultural inaction, especially in the field of architecture, supply and completion of different architectural styles of European and American architecture has been in the country in recent decades. With the intellectual of the West, the architecture of the country and the distance from the traditional architecture of the work there brought the destruction of the past buildings in the new urban development and the destruction of the old كاروانسراهای in the construction of a good and more practical urban roads. This situation has led to a lot of valuable buildings, deserted, or dilapidated. In some cases, it has been a tendency to تزييناتی in Iranian style. The claim of the palace, the Marble Palace in Tehran and the luxurious building of the Officers Club (former), the Alborz High School, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the head of the National Garden and the post mansion, the witness of this. This is still continuing through the architecture, regardless of climatic factors and background of Iranian architecture. (Source: Iran cultural book, author)
The Pahlavi period, such as the Qajar period, is divided into two main periods: 1-the first Pahlavi period 2-the second Pahlavi
period in the first period which started since 1304 and continues until 1320, it can be the fields of its architectural formation from the farther months of the beginning. The process of achieving power Rzakhan the starting point of the third march of 1299.
کوتاي 1299 Shamsi and the military government established a suitable platform for new military organizations, and it seems the largest and most important characteristic of the course of its military character. The course of the regime’s movement was to be hand to influence the army’s subjugation and military force. This attitude led to a work in all areas that the army and the duties armies have more than their main role. In this regard, Rzakhan in the period of Sardar Sepahi and the presidency of the original, and then in the royal period, the main role. The new international conditions and new thoughts of warplanes, which context similar for the countries of the region, sought to be a powerful punishments that was the best fit for such a military government. The social and political development that restricted the power of King in the year 1285 in the shadow of the Constitution and had determined the authority’s authority and decision-making by the legislature, and was transferred to the law of the criminal, and with a legal appearance, with threats and intimidation to the Shah. With the military thought and insight in the twenty-year period, the Noini Army, which is the result of the architecture of buildings and Sakhtmani, which is classified today by the name of the architecture of the first Pahlavi period. On the other hand, the entry of militants in the jirga was urban and civil activities. During a long period of time, the Tehran municipality was Bozarjmehri and paving the country’s paths, creating spacious and large governmental buildings and NGO such as theater, cinema, hotel and so on in the fields of management and construction of Army. The entry of the military to the various political and social scenes and the consolidation of their power in ministries, organizations and punishments offices, had the transfer of a civilian thought, and after that, in addition to the above-mentioned activities, it emerged in the development of urban and architectural and construction. However, in the field of Monuments Architecture, twenty-year-olds were divided into two categories: military monuments and civilian monuments. On the one hand, a new punishments-based organization of military incentive led to the emergence of various monuments and numerous military groups that had not had a history before. Padoones, passites, prisons, gendarmerie and numerous monuments in the city of Iran were among the cities of the country, which were able to accommodate their influence in the town and other monuments, due to the military’s nature and performance. But what is important in this topic is the structures of civilian effects on civilian buildings and non-military. Military or flurry characteristics are worth and prestige in their position, but this is a reflection that these khsayl in other areas can have their own effectiveness, whether positive and negative) instead of them
: 1. The single and the monuments of this period with other buildings of the oiggihaiyast of the military characteristics of this period. Most of the monuments of the first Pahlavi period, with the sole and non-neighborliness and neighbourhood with other buildings along with the four facades, which is a major view in the best situation and direction, and it makes itself a clear way of other buildings. These single buildings, which are examples in different cities, as the city of the municipality, the post and the most abundant assets, indicate a military thought that differs itself from the others and the ruling.
2. Speed in construction: construction and development projects of Razhihi period are of speed in making the frequency of them more than that of the twenty-year period. This is a military property that must reach the goal and perform a work in a short and definite time, and consider building operations as a military operation, structures several of these periods, thanks to this incentive with significantly speed. Roads, tunnels, railways, abundant bridges and various government buildings and also the monuments field of the homework, the Entrial garden and the first collection of the University of Tehran is the result of such.
3. In the army organization, each class of responsive and Motie is organizational to create a task of self-control. The Rzakhan period due to the Khoy military has سرکشي, Zirdstani obliged and Farmanbordar, and is a natural property of building projects such as the military inspection حاکي of the construction system. In this system, a task is to give a higher response to any able (extortion, and even waste… The financial NAT) must be performed. Are due to military attitudes.
4. But the most important factor, psychological effects, these characteristics emerged in various forms of architectural works of this period. When the year 1320 was a series of architectural complexes in the twenty-year period, it was zind that military thought, architecture, development and urban planning have similar characteristics and realization definitions. The army hierarchy of now تجلّي in the entrance and appearance of a view and had similar elements or a shape and a close, in the façade of the building, such as windows, columns, or other elements Eastern uniforms the military. The columns and the repeaters of the architectural elements such as the standing operatio and calm were the others who saw the sun and the other words authority, the people, the least, the majesty, the imposing and the most of the military words that now had been in the same architecture. The idea of a military architecture by making such a jury was able to build a social and political thought, as well as its culture in the form of new urban planning, which always has its own shadow presence.
In addition to what was said during the period of Reza Shah, according to the attitudes that he had to the administrative and state system in Iran, he attempted to organize the state administrative form of Iran in accordance with the problems in Europe. In the first step, construction of buildings that meet the new administrative conditions in the form of three different types of administrative, educational and industrial user were considered. Construction of various factories such as textile factory in the period of Reza Shahi and other administrative monuments, a special form of architecture and the use of European materials, especially the presence of the neolight in this period is evident in the construction of buildings and because in this period based on the nationalist beliefs of the head It was the return to the architecture of the history of Iran, including the Achaemenid and Sassanid period. For example, one of the conditions of selection of plans offered by architecture for building administrative and public buildings in this period was due to the elements of decorative architecture of the pre-Islamic era, especially the Achaemenid and Sassanid period. Among these buildings, former police palace, post office, Iran and British oil Company building and National Bank building, as the Reza Shahi of the index, are considered as the remains of the architecture of the era.
Also, the use of new materials and materials, especially cement, has provided special facilities to the architects, so that this material was quickly considered by architects, engineers and Iranian designers in the year 1313 and only one year after the construction of cement plant, different methods It was invented by the architects to use this building material. Also, this article was used in the construction of statues and sculptures, government and office buildings including the police palace. Also, the use of glass made changes in Iranian architecture to able that after a while Rzakhan, in order to use the glass in the construction of new buildings, the glass and crystal factory of Karaj was established. In the same period, the use of stone was also considered by the architects. In fact, in this period, taking advantage of some of the building materials, which was also common from the past, was considered by the architects and the craftsmanship, especially during the first Pahlavi period and return to the style of the Achaemenid and Sassanid architecture, the use of stone in the monuments of this period is evident, The singer Building (Singer), which is located along the streets of Sadi, is considered as one of the monuments of the index, which is used in its construction to use the stone.
(Source: Interview with Ali Reza Beharadi» A senior expert in restoration, derived from architecture and art blog) We are going to take the process in the architecture of the first
Pahlavi era: first start of the course of the period for five years or more, not to see the work of the art and do not take any important work The procedure goes before. The second part of the year 1305 and 1306 starts, and the building activity is caught up until World War II, the construction works or even closed.
Part three after the end of the war and the finding of the new two, it means iron and concrete and its effects in architecture.
Since this date, the Pahlavi architecture movement begins and begins. The beginning of the state of Rzakhan one of the worst possible economic conditions in Iran was observed as economically, culturally and socially significant, and most of the construction was made in accordance with the former procedures of raw and wood clay, and the ceilings were used as a shirvani and a wooden pillar. At its start The course of the architect did not exist, and the supreme architects lost the taste and experience of the fathers and the past and its masters, and the buildings in that period were really قهقرايی garlic and the buildings were designed without a map and in the head of place on Earth. In such a situation, the national style of cut has emerged from the past and unlike the historical trend of the evolution and growth of Iranian architecture. The National style architecture in the period of Reza Shah created a kind of architecture mainly for public structures and public buildings, the national rumanism and the Mazhari of ancient history. : Here were two important factors in a pre-Islamic and second-era architecture of the use of modern Western technology in the building of the Achaemenid architecture, especially the residual works of Persepolis and Pasargad, which had a significant effect of the country’s greatness. Accordingly, many buildings in Tehran inspired by the Achaemenid architecture Including: The Police palace, the gardener-High School of Anois-Marat, the National Bank, Darband and carpet company made by German consultant.
1-Creating large and high ایوانهای in inputs
2. Mrkazit according to the columns and pillars which are found in the throne of Jamshid, and either wide and universal.
3-The Windows and the bezels around them such as the forms used in the bed was Jamshid.
4-Using Kakhha roof congresses
5. Buildings which are suggested of greatness and power.
6-Cement and stone materials
7. Use of Persepolis’s role and motels
8-Similarity to the monuments: National Rumanism is a sign of the greatness
of another tendency in the style of national architecture, refer to the architecture of the Sassanid period and the use of elements-forms and ideas of architecture of this period of Iran. The emanating of the architectural period is a reflection of the architecture of the كويری and hot and dry areas of this architecture has a great difference with the Achaemenid architecture. The most famous building made with this style is the Museum of Ancient Persia (National Museum). In the case of residential units of the Rezakhani period under the influence of English-style residential units, the wall of the walls of red ceramic brick, barber wall, flat roof Creating and windows to the alley, courtyard and End-to-end windows with a horizontal doorway in the building. Almost until governance Rzakhan, numerous monuments were built in Tehran and other cities of Iran in the same style (national). But in the second period of the Pahlavi regime, from September 1320 to the fall of this series (Bahman 1357), we witnessed serious changes in the ideas and styles of architecture. In a way that, with the Rzakhan of the powerful regime, we have witnessed the decline and elimination of ancient architecture and the emergence of new styles in architecture. That is, of course, the trend of changes in the architecture of this period is very stressful.
Over time, there was another tendency in Iranian architecture that again we see the most impact in Tehran. Although due to the economic growth of the country, national projects are not just limited to the capital.
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